Study On The Different Types Of Forward Contracts Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1551 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? FORWARD CONTRACTS: A forward contract agreement is effective under the consistent critical terms method if all the following criteria are met: 1. The forward contract is for the purchase or sale of the same quantity or notional amount and at the same time as the hedge able item. 2. Upon association with the hedge able item, the forward contract has a zero fair value. 3. The references rate of the forward contract is consistent with the reference rate of the hedge able item. Example: While entering into agreement of forward contracts which involve buying an equity forward, that is purchasing the equity at a specific date in the future, for the price which has been agreed at the time of forward contract is made or entered in it. (Tomas Bjork) INTEREST-RATE FORWARD CONTRACTS: It involves interest rates on agreement; the seller has the opportunity of hedging against a futures fall in interest rates. As wall as the buyer has the security from a future ri se in interest rates. Interest rate forward contract, more normally called a forward rate agreement or FRA. The FRA has instruments on which they are based; there is a worldwide market for time deposition in various currencies issued by large responsible banks. (Financial News, journal ) LONG POSITION: The purchase or buying of securities such as commodity, stock or currency, with the intention that the assets value will rise in coming future. The long position is far used by banks and bay window to manage foreign exchange risk. In context of options, the buying of an options contract. Its like opposite to Short position. Example: The shareholder in KFCs corp. is said to be long KFCs or has the long position in KFCs. Buying a put option contract from a writer entitle you the right, not the obligation to buy (or sell) a specific asset for a specified amount at a specified time or date. (Fischer Black) SHORT POSITION, HEDGE: The sale of borrowed shares or securities, commodit y with an expectation that the price of the asset might fall in value. In the context of option, it is the sale of an options contract. Opposite of long position. Example: The classic economic rationale for future markets is, of course, that they facilitate hedging-that they allow those who deal in a commodity to transfer the risk of price change in that commodity to speculators more willing to bear such risk. An investor who borrows shares of from a broker and sells them in open market is said to have a short position in the stock. The investor must eventually return the borrowed stock by buying it back from the open market. And if the price of stock falls in the market, the investor buys it for less than the price from he or she sold it, thus making a profit. Selling a put options contract to buyer entitles the buyer the right, not the obligation to buy from or sell to you a specific asset or commodity for a specified amount at a specified time or date. (Louis H. Ederington) FINANCIAL FUTURE CONTRACT: A similar, moveable, exchange-traded contract that delivery of trade good, securities, currency, or stock market index, at a specified price, on a specified time to come. Unlike options, futures convey an indebtedness to buy. The risk to the holder is unlimited, and because the yield pattern is proportionate, the risk to the seller is unlimited as well. Dollars lost and increase gain by each party on a futures contract is equivalent and opposite. In other words, future trading is a zero-sum game. The exchange of assets occurs on the date specified in the declaration. An exchange traded contract, for settlement at a date beyond the normal spot settlement data, for the purchase and sale of a standardized quantity of a financial instrument. The futures contract locks in the future rate of return on a notional investment by the buyer, the seller lock in the cost of borrowing. (Investor word, journal) ARBITRAGE: Attempting to profit by overwork price differ ences of indistinguishable or similar financial instruments, on different markets or in different forms. The ideal version capture slight difference in price is riskless arbitrage. A risk-free transaction of securities industry, the purchasing of under value share and the simultaneously resale of these shares for a higher price, generating a profit on the difference. (Tomas Bjork) MICRO HEDGE: Hedge is designed to reduce or eliminate risk resulting from a particular asset or liability, as opposed to the risk arising from an entire list of the financial assets held by an individual or a bank. If the asset or liability is part of a large portfolio with a number of correlate risks, then micro-hedge is less likely to be an effective technique. Opposite of macro-hedge. (Stephen G. Cecchetti) MACRO HEDGE: Hedge designed to reduce or eliminate risk for an entity. Opposite of micro-hedge. An investment technique used to reduce the risk of portfolio of commodity. In most cases, this wo uld mean taking a position that offsets the whole portfolio. But it is difficult proficiency in exercise because there is seldom one commodity that offset the risk of a broader portfolio, so applying for a macro-hedge is most likely requires taking an outset position in each single commodity. An index fund manager believes that there will be a loss in the index in the upcoming future. To reduce the risk of a downward turn in the index, the manager can take a short position in the index funds future market that might lock in a price for the index. (Carl Ackermann) CROSS HEDGE: Hedging one instruments risk with a different by taking a particular portion is a related financial instrument. This is frequently done when there is no financial instrument being hedged, or a suitable financial instrument exists but the marketplace is extremely illiquid. The cross hedging counts completely on how strongly correlate the instrumental being hedged is with the semantic role or tool which underl ies the financial instrument or derivative contract. Furthermore; the recognition quality of the derivation and the instrument being hedged need to be of similar liquid, so that price changes are resemblance. Lastly, the due date of the financial instrument must be at least as long as the due date of the craved hedged; otherwise investor will be left with an un-hedged exposure for a point of time. (Ronald W. Anderson, Columbia University) HEDGE RATIO: The change in price of a call option for every one-point move in the price of the rudimentary security. The hedge ratio is also called delta. The ratio of volatility of the portfolio to be hedged and of the volatility of the hedging instrument. Example: the price of a commodity future with a hedge ratio of 40 will rise 40% (of the security-price move) if the price of the rudimentary stock increases. Typically, options with lofty level hedge ratio are usually more fruitful to buy rather than pen since the degree the portion moveme nt-relative to the rudimentary price and the comparable little time-value wearing-the greater the leverage. The opposite is true for alternative with a low hedge ratio. (Financial Institution Market Madura International Edition 9th Edition 2010) BASIC RISK: An applied to interest rate swap, risk that the index used for an interest rate swap doesnt move perfectly in tandem with floating-rate instrument specified in a swap agreement. As applied to financial futures, risk that the future prices do not move perfectly to in tandem with the assets that are hedged. (Financial Institution Market Madura International Edition 9th Edition 2010) STOCK MARKET RISK: The variability in returns on stock that is due to basic swapping changes in investor expectations is referred to as market risk. It is part of systematic risk. They are caused by tangible events like political, social, or economical and intangible events like market psychology. Other factors playing a major role in market ris k are interest rate and inflation. (Financial Institution Market Madura International Edition 9th Edition 2010) PORTFOLIO INSURANCE: A strategy of hedging a stock portfolio against market risk by selling stock index futures short or buying stock index put options. Program trading combined with the trading of index futures to hedge against market movements. The hedging technique is frequently used by institutional investors when the market direction is uncertain or volatile. Short selling index futures can offset any downturns, but it also hinders any gains. (Financial Institution Market Madura International Edition 9th Edition 2010) REQUIREMENTS: If you expect interest rates to increase, what type of hedge should you set up, long or short? And why? Sol: Long hedge requires taking a long position in future contract, it is appropriate when a certain asset or commodity would be purchased in the future and one is interested in locking in the price now. For example, the tex tile company would use a long hedge. And short hedge involves a short position in the future contract, it can be applicable when a hedger already owns asset and expect to sell it in the future. For example, the aluminium producer would use a short hedge. If 1% increases in the interest rate results in a decline in the value for treasury bonds of par. So, I would like to set up short hedge or short position because the interest rate is going to increase in the future period. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On The Different Types Of Forward Contracts Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

Film Analysis The Minority Report Essay - 1596 Words

The Minority Report is a film that tries to stop crimes before they happen, with the enlistment of 3 teen pre-cogs. These pre-cogs predict future murders and the authorities swoop in and arrest the would-be murders, before they have the chance of committing the crime. Even thing goes great until Anderton, a cop played by Tom Cruise, is suspected. Written by Philip K. Dick and then turned to film by Steven Spielberg in 2002, the short story to film became a success. Though there are many differences between the book and the movie, one would think Steven Spielberg would not be able to grab audience’s attention, but with his skills, Spielberg went above and beyond all measures. Many times, novels to films end up being either a great hit†¦show more content†¦This was a vision that was never told to be wrong, and for that every individual that came up as a suspect was bound to do exactly what the pre-cogs predicted in the exact order and time. Pre crime was made to keep out crime and those who attempted to commit it, but that all changes when John Anderton finds himself a suspect. There is much to point out within the difference of the book and the movie. They were made in two different time frames by two different people, and made with a traditional but radical transition. Like any other, the book is supposed to seem more detailed and convincing, but in this case I vote for the movie by Steven Spielberg. The film on The Minority Report comes to life in a modernized and technical way rather that the book, just old John and deformed idiots called pre-cogs. Furthermore, to read the book and see the film, much is told differently, but they work with the same plot, and that is the reason that the transition is successful. Very different from the film, the book told it much differently as if they were speaking about aliens. â€Å"The three gibbering, fumbling creatures, with their enlarged heads and wasted bodies, were contemplating the future. The analytical machinery carefully listened.† (121, Harrison). This particular scene is when Anderton and Witwer realized that the three creatures they had been referring to as idiots, were actually geniuses because of their ability to predict the future. The pre-cogs were predictingShow MoreRelatedMinority Report Film Analysis1070 Words   |  5 PagesStephen Spielberg’s 2002 science fiction mystery thriller Minority Report, is an interesting commentary on the age old struggle for human beings to find a balance between our desire for freedom and our need for security. 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A general reason why trying to understand this phenomenon is important is for the consequences it brings. When an individual, in this case minorities, are suspected of doing violent crime, they are more often targeted more than usual. This leads to mostly minorities being in prison, and in most states, they are not allowed to vote. This is crucial forRead MoreThe Help Film Analysis Essay1686 Words   |  7 PagesHannah Struzynski Film/Documentary Analysis Paper: The Help ERS 100 Section 8 For my film/documentary analysis paper, I chose the movie The Help. This movie was actually originally a book written by Kathryn Stockett, but then in 2011, a screenplay was written and directed by Tate Taylor. I selected this film because it directly relates to some of the topics we talk about in class. Some of them being segregation and discrimination. 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And while it may be seemingly impossible to change, this does not absolve us of our responsibility to critically examine a system that, like many others in our global economy, which can be classist, ageist and exploitative. Let’s look at the elephant in the room constructively, bravely, honestly and in the spirit of discovery. Before hearing the report on NPR today, I contemplated applyingRead MoreMedia s Negative Portrayal Of Minorities903 Words   |  4 Pagesthat technology is vital to the facilitation of everyday living. In today’s media, minorities are constantly being represented in a negative light. Those who fall victim to this tend to be Latinos and African Americans. In the news, there are many aired reports of acts of violence that are portrayed as being committed either by an African American or a Latino. Entertainment media also does its part in showing minorities through negative stereotypes and are underrepresented in important leading roles

Starting Up a Cookie Company Free Essays

Starting up a cookie company on-campus You and your roommate are preparing to start a company producing cookies in your oncampus apartment. By starting up this business, you want to provide fresh cookies to starving fellow students late at night. However, you still have to figure out some aspects of the business model such as the price to charge, whether you will be able to make profit and how many orders you can accept. We will write a custom essay sample on Starting Up a Cookie Company or any similar topic only for you Order Now The business concept You have an extraordinary idea: to bake fresh cookies on delivery, using a customer chosen combination of ingredients. The cookies can be picked up at your apartment within one hour. Several factors will enable you to be different from your competitors such as store-bought cookies. First, the cookies will be fresh since they will only be produced after the order is received. Therefore, the buyer will be getting cookies that are literally hot out of the oven. Second, you will have a variety of ingredients available to add to the basic dough, including chocolate chips, MM’s, chopped Heath bars, coconut, walnuts, and raisins. Buyers will telephone in their orders and specify which of these ingredients they want in their cookies. Consequently, you will have the freshest, most exotic cookies anywhere, available to your fellow students next to campus. The production process Baking cookies is simple: mix all the ingredients in a food processor, spoon out the cookie dough onto a tray, put the cookies into the oven, bake the cookies, take the tray of cookies out of the oven, let the cookies cool and finally, take them of the tray and pack them in a box. You and your roommate already own all the necessary capital equipment: a food processor, cookie trays and spoons. Your apartment is equipped with a small oven that is able to hold one tray at a time. Your landlord pays your electricity. As such, the variable costs are merely the cost of the ingredients (estimated to be 1 Euro/dozen), the cost of the box in which the cookies are packed (0,30 Euro/box, each box holds a dozen cookies), and your time (what value do you place on your time? ) A more detailed description of the production process is described below. The first step of the whole process is to take the order. Your roommate has figured out how to do this quickly and This case is an adapted version of the Kristen Cookie case, Harvard Business Review. ith 100% accuracy: by using electronic mail to accept orders and to inform customers when the order will be ready. Since this process runs automatically, it does not take any of your time. Therefore, this step will be ignored in further analysis of the process. You and your roommate have timed the necessary physical operations. The first physical production step is to wash out the mixing bowl from the previous batch, add all of the ingredients, and mix them in your food processor. The mixing bowls hold ingredients for up to three dozen cookies. You then dish up the cookies, one dozen at a time onto a cookie try. These activities take about six minutes for the washing and mixing steps, regardless of how many cookies (i. e. , one or more dozens). However, dishing up the cookies onto the tray takes two minutes per tray per dozen. The next step, performed by your roommate, is to put the cookies in the oven and set the thermostat and timer, which takes about one minute. The cookies bake for the next nine minutes. So the total baking time is 10 minutes, during which your roommate is busy setting the oven during the first minute. Since the oven only holds one tray, a second dozen takes an additional 10 minutes to bake. Your roommate also performs the last steps of the process by first removing the cookies from the oven and putting them aside to cool for 5 minutes, then carefully packing them in a box and accepting payment. Removing the cookies from the oven takes only a negligible amount of time, since it must be done promptly. Furthermore, it takes two minutes to pack each dozen and about one minute to accept payment for the order. As experienced bakers know, the description above contains some simplifications. For example, the first batch of cookies for the night requires preheating the oven. However, such complexities will be put aside for now. Please begin your analysis by developing a process flow diagram of the cookiemaking process. Question before starting up your business To launch your business, you need to set prices and rules for accepting orders. Some issues will only be resolved after you get started and try out different ways of producing the cookies. Before you start, however, you at least want a preliminary plan, which as much a This case is an adapted version of the Kristen Cookie case, Harvard Business Review. possible specifies, so that you can do a careful calculation of how much time you will have to devote to this business each night, and how much money you can expect to make. For example, when you conduct a market survey to determine the likely demand, you will want to specify exactly what your order policies will be. Therefore, you will have to answer the following operational questions: How long will it take you to fill a rush order? -How many orders can you fill in a night, assuming you are open four hours each night? -How much of your own and your roommate’s valuable time will it take to fill each order? -Because your baking trays can hold exactly one dozen cookies, you will produce and sell cookies by the dozen. Should you give any discount for people who order two dozen cookies, three dozen cookies, or more? If so, how much? Will it take you any longer to fill a twodozen cookie order than a one-dozen cookie order? How many food processors and baking trays will you need? -Are there any changes you can make in your production plans that will also allow you to make better cookies or more cookies in less time or at lower cost? For example, is there bottleneck operation in your production process that you can expand cheaply? What is the effect of adding another oven? How much would you be willing to pay to rent an additional oven? This case is an adapted version of the Kristen Cookie case, Harvard Business Review. How to cite Starting Up a Cookie Company, Papers

Sexual Diversity Mode of Discipline

Question: Discuss about the Sexual Diversityfor Mode of Discipline. Answer: In the particular reading, Fausto-Sterling demonstrates the ways that the state, the law and the medical systems maintain a dual sex binary. The author uses the concept of intersex to enhance the ways that do not entail two sexes only. The author maintains a continuous sequence and hardly underscores binary method (Rosenblum Travis, 2015). She adumbrates a history of intersexuality and shows a teleological approach. The author carries forward a very important message that two sexes are not enough. She maintains that there are five or more sexes. The most interesting quote that I have come across is the knowledge developed in biochemistry, embryology, endocrinology, psychology, and surgery has enabled physicians to control the very sex of the human body, as well as a mode of discipline Hermaphrodites have unruly bodies (p.471). To my belief, the quote is engrossing and challenging. She posits the notion of bio power that is introduced by Michael Foucault. In the 20th century, the treatment of intersexuality reflects on the concept of bio power. By this, Foucault refers to practice of public health, control of heredity and risk management. The concept of Foucault closely resembles the concept propounded by the author in the passage (Hondagneu-Sotelo et al., 2015). In the segment, I have quoted an interesting passage from the article. The passage is the knowledge developed in biochemistry, embryology, endocrinology, psychology, and surgery has enabled physicians to control the very sex of the human body, as well as a mode of discipline Hermaphrodites have unruly bodies (p.471). My interest about the history of intersexuality is piqued by the passage. From this passage (quoted above), I get to know that in normal life the knowledge developed in varied streams regulate the discipline. The author aims to meld the concept of intersexuality with the Foucaults bio power notion. It encapsulates a baffling concept that needs to be studied in depth. Reference Hondagneu-Sotelo, P., Zinn, M. B., Denissen, A. M. (2015).Gender through the Prism of Difference. Oxford University Press, USA. Rosenblum, K., Travis, T. M. (2015).The meaning of difference: American constructions of race, sex and gender, social class, sexual orientation, and disability. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Perspectives of Adult Literacy

Social Literacy Perspective Brandt and Clinton view literacy as a participant in local practices (Brandt Clinton, 2002). They argue that literacy is not an outcome of local practices since there are social structures and technology in the global society that affect the acquisition of literacy skills. Literacy depends on technologies and agents of transformations which it cannot determine their directions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Perspectives of Adult Literacy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Literacy practices are not usually invented by those who use them, but are invented by individual agents who may be in another far away society. Since literacy practices serves multiple interests including those in the larger society, their inventions influences the literacy practices in other regions across the globe. According to them literacy depends more on the powerful technological advances on literacy practice s. Therefore any technological transformation in literacy practices that is made, affects the functions, meanings, uses as well as values of literacy across the globe. This therefore implies that local practices in literacy adopted by a particular society are usually as result of responses to decisions that may have been made in regions far away from the local society. Although technological transformations play a major role in determining the outcome of learning, this perspective does not provide the significance of other factors in the social environment that influence learning. Technology may not play a major role in helping a learner acquire morals, values or even attitudes which are the social goals of learning. Democratic Perspective Richard Darville’s theory of democratic adult literacy views literacy as aimed at developing people’s capacity to participate consciously in the society (Darville, 2001). He acknowledges that there exists an interrelationship between learning and the social environment of the learner which includes the learner’s life within and outside the classroom. This therefore implies that literacy learning is influenced by political, social, religious, and economic among other aspects of the society. One of the theories that Darville uses to support his democratic theory of literacy is the Practice theory. This theory focuses on how learners relate to texts and how they interact amongst themselves during and after acquisition of literacy and even after accomplishing various literacy tasks. Individual abilities of a learner therefore play a role in determining the actions that the learner takes after acquiring literacy skills. On the other hand, the social environment influences the learner’s perception and attitude towards issues that occur in the society. The social environment would always provide the learner with an opportunity to interact and acquire morals, ethics and values which are in line with the s ociety’s norms.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This perspective limits learning to occur only through written materials and interactions but neglects other important learning resources and the role of other aspects of learning such as learning methodologies. Conceptual and Historical Perspectives Olson and Torrence feel that literacy practices should be built upon the oral traditions of the particular society and that acquisition of literacy skills would be better achieved if the existing culture in that particular society is able to sustain the literacy practices (Olson Torrence, n.d). This therefore implies that the teaching and learning subject content, methodologies as well as the teaching and learning resources should be tailored to meet the norms and needs of that particular society. It is very important to consider the institutional context of the learner when planning the teaching and learning resources and the learning content. The institutional context here includes the larger society and therefore the literacy practices put in place to impart knowledge and skills into learners should enable them acquire competencies which meet the developmental needs of that society. This view is true for societies which are still developing. However, to modern societies, it may be irrelevant as learners are developed to play a global role in development. Modern societies focus on providing learning resources and learning contents which make individuals be flexible to adapt to the challenges in the global environment. Reference List Brandt, D. Clinton, K. (2002). Limits of the local: Expanding perspectives on literacy as a social practice. Journal of Literacy Research 34(3): 337-356. Madison: University of Wisconsin-Madison. Darville, R. (2001). Adult literacy as social relations: a democratic theorizing. CASAE-ACEEA National Conference 2001- Twentieth Anniv ersary Proceedings. Ottawa: Carleton University.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Perspectives of Adult Literacy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Olson, D. R, Torrance, N. (n.d). On being literate society: Conceptual and historical perspectives on literacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. This essay on Perspectives of Adult Literacy was written and submitted by user Rhett E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Parasite mediated sexual selet essays

Parasite mediated sexual selet essays Why do some birds have long tails, others have bright plumage or patterns and others possess beautifully complicated songs. Many animal behaviourists have agreed that all these characteristics are developed as a result of female sexual selection, but that is where the agreement stops. The many theories on the evolution of secondary sexual characters, are an evolution in their own right. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the evolution of the research and hypotheses on this subject. How did each come about and lead to another, which was proven and find the answer to the question: How do females benefit from choosing a male with an enhanced morphological feature? Sexual selection is a corollary of natural selection and the two processes work in the same manner. Natural and sexual selection often create different selection pressures: natural selection results in traits that enhance reproduction and survival, where as sexual selection results in traits that enhance reproductive success, but at the expense of survival (Ghiselin(1969) of Darwin in Birkenhead Sexual selection occurs when the members of one sex mate disproportionately with members of the opposite sex on the basis of secondary traits, i.e. behaviours or structures other than reproductive organs or gametes. Sexual selection can occur in two ways; as a result of competition between members of the same sex (intrasexual) or by female choice of the fittest male following intra sexual competition or salesmanship (intersexual) (Clayton 1991). One of the most important factors determining the intensity of sexual selection is the relative amount of parental investment by each sex (Trivers 1972 in Krebs The sex investing least are more involved in intrasexual competition, where as the sex investing most are more discriminating in their choice of partner (Trivers 1972 in Birkenhead & Moller 1991). Trivers (1972) suggested that because sperm were...

Discussion 3 Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion 3 - Dissertation Example The documentation of this system involved extensive usage of Unified Modeling Language or UML. It was an immense challenge to incorporate all the actors such as the drivers, the students, admin and other personnel associated with the system into the UML format. The collaboration tool assisted in understanding the design of the system. The process of creating sequence diagram was very challenging as it involved the incorporation of details of the different interfaces, message orders, responsibilities, timeouts etc. to be incorporated along with various other details. Over all the use of UML simplified the step by step construction of the vehicle management system. The one ‘impossible’ task was made possible only by the hierarchal step by step construction of the system via UML diagrams. ANSWER NO.2 2a. and 2b. There are two errors explained with reasons: ERROR#1: The restocking fee is already set and fixed, so there is no need of setRestockingFee(inNewFee:double) because it will remain all the same throughout.

Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games-2016 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games-2016 - Coursework Example The case of the Olympic Games, a nation is not only interested in obtaining a degree of profitability, they are also interested in showcasing their nation to the rest of the world and providing these visitors/newcomers with a positive social experience that could encourage them to visit the nation in the future and/or engage with it economically in a way that they might not have before. Further, key environmental issues also exist with respect to planning and executing such an event as the Olympics. Ultimately, the structures and different requirements of these games necessitate that the city landscape must be transformed as a means of providing the crowds and the athletes with the required infrastructure for the games without creating monstrosities that will be an eyesore on the city landscape or have a distinctly negative impact upon the environment for the future.  Ã‚   Finally, planners for these games must bear in mind that the economics of the entire endeavor is the underpinn ing power and constraint that keeps the games confined to realistic goals.  The rationale for discussing the economic constraints and issues first has to do with the fact that the possibility to host such an event would not be able to be engaged if it were not for the requisite amount of funding that is required to host it.   Beyond this, a nation such as Brazil must determine a firm budget for the process. For instance, many nations that have hosted the Olympics in the past have crafted a budget only to find themselves experiencing dramatic cost overruns as projects are expanded, completed slowly, or not completed at all and necessitating the further work of engineers and contractors to complete according to plan. Moreover, rather than merely crafting a budget for the games and attempting to adhere to it, Brazil must also analyze the costs of the games with respect to the overall results that they hope to enjoy from them. As has been noted previously within the introduction, th e social and economic issues are somewhat overlapping; due to the fact that nations tend to put their respective system forward to the rest of the world as a means of engaging with people, encouraging them to invest within the nation, and promoting their own culture and society. Accordingly, the budget and planning process must engage with whether or not this particular approach will be utilized or whether or not the games are intended as a means of deriving revenue and being profitable. Although each and every nation that hosts the Olympic Games is interested in deriving a level of profitability, for the most part, nations that host these games find themselves in debt for decades after the Olympics have passed.

Piercing the Corporate Veil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Piercing the Corporate Veil - Essay Example The paper tells that the provision of limited liability to incorporated companies enhanced investments from a large number of small and large investors. It would not be far from the truth to assert that the growth of the modern economy and industrial development can be attributed to this principle of limited liability. Investors are no longer required to harbour apprehensions regarding their investments and from being held accountable for the liabilities of the company in which they had invested. It has been contended by the majority that the proper functioning and growth of stock markets has been affected by limited liability. Moreover, it has simplified the task of evaluating the assets of companies. Furthermore, limited liability has excised the uncertainties, risks, and liabilities experienced by investors in the past. Shareholders can monitor the behaviour of their company to a much greater extent than in the past. Modern economic development requires large – scale capita l inflow. The limited liability effectively ensures the availability of capital from investors. The House of Lords established the doctrine of corporate personality in Salomon v Salomon. Under this principle, private investors and shareholders of companies were permitted to organise their business, via the corporate legal form. It also allowed entrepreneurs and institutional investors to monitor their investment strategies. In the absence of the legal form of the company, shareholders and investors were at the risk of being personally held liable to the creditors of the company (Muchlinski, 2010, p. 918). It has been perceived that this doctrine has increased the influence of shareholders and investors in the functioning of the company and in its business strategies. However, the majority of the people have welcomed the doctrine of limited liability, as it eliminates the direct responsibility of shareholders in the management of the company (Muchlinski, 2010, p. 918). The process of globalisation has substantially increased business activity and the operations of multinational corporations (MNC) at the global level. The separation of legal form of the company from its shareholders and investors has brought about several jurisdictional problems and the domination of MNCs in business (Muchlinski, 2010, p. 920). These problems have come to the fore due to different legal systems in the world. In addition, the state regulatory mechanisms that pertain to the MNCs differ from each other. The limited liability concept externalises the risk from group of investors. Ultimately, it transforms global legal order into national and sub-national jurisdictions. Thus, the corporate veil has assumed the garb of a jurisdictional veil, and the MNCs are using this veil to limit risk of liability (Muchlinski, 2010, p. 920). Moreover, Jurisdiction has emerged as an important aspect of international commercial transactions. The MNCs have established a parent – subsidiary cult ure in international business, which creates ambiguity in determining the appropriate jurisdiction for disputes. The difficulty chiefly arises because the jurisdiction of the parent company and that of its subsidiary are different. Consequently, disputes with a subsidiary cannot be addressed by the legal system of the parent company’s host country, in order to determine liability (Muchlinski, 2010, p. 920). InAdams v Cape Industries, a UK based parent company exported asbestos from its mines in South Africa. It had conducted this export via a sales subsidiary and thereafter through an

Creation of Traffic Light Circuit

Creation of Traffic Light Circuit Introduction Traffic lights or traffic signals is used to control the traffic and to supervised motorist and pedestrians. The lights alternate accorded to users by displaying green for go, yellow signal that the light will change to red and red for stop. Without traffic lights there will be a lot of road accidents and traffic congestion. This experiment shows how traffic lights work using Arduino. Materials with Description 5 MM LED (5) Used as an output in the circuit and to know if the code is working. Resistor (220 ohms) (6) An electronic device used to control the current in the circuit. Jumper Wires M/M (13) Used as the connector to different pins in the prototyping board. USB cable (1) Used as the connector from computer to DFRArduino Uno R3. DFRArduino Uno R3 (1) A programmable circuit board. This hardware reads the code uploaded in the computer. Computer (1) Used to write, compile and upload the code to the circuit. Procedure (self-explained) Place the LEDs to the board. Traffic lights for pedestrians, green(1) positive pin at pin J17 and negative pin to pin J16, red(1) positive pin at pin J14 and negative pin to pin J13. 2.Traffic lights for motorist, green(2) positive pin at pin J8 and negative pin to pin J7, yellow positive pin at pin J5 and negative pin to pin J4. red(2) positive pin at pin J2 and negative pin to pin J1. 3. Plot the push button switcher at pin E10,E12, F10 and F12. Place the resistor(1) from D2 to G2, resistor(2) from D5 to G5, resistor(3) from D8 to G8, resistor(4) from D14 to G14, resistor(5) from D17 to G17, resistor(6) from C7 to C10 Connect the jumper wires, wire(1) from A2 to DP 12, wire(2) from A5 to DP 11, wire(3) from A7 to GND, wire(4) from A8 to DP 10, wire(5) from A10 to DP 9, wire(6) from A14 to DP 8, wire(7) from A17 to DP7, wire(8) from C12 to PP 5V, wire(9) from I1 to I4, wire(10) from H4 to H7, wire(11) from I7 to I13, wire(12) from H13 to H16, and wire(13) from I16 to GND. 6. Connect the USB cable to the computer and the circuit, compile the code then upload. Circuit Diagram Code Code Analysis int carRed = 12;, int carYellow = 11;, int carGreen = 10; this is the initialization of pins for motorists traffic lights. int button = 9; the initialization of the pushbutton connected to the Arduino. int pedRed = 8;, int pedGreen = 7; the initialization of pins for pedestrian lights. int crossTime = 5000; sets 5 seconds for the pedestrian LED to lit. pinMode(pinType,OUTPUT); pinType sets what pin to use, LEDs in this circuit serves as output. pinMode(button, INPUT); the input in the circuit came from the push button switcher. int state = digitalRead(button); reads if the push button switcher is pushed/pressed or not. if (state == HIGH) (millis() changeTime) > 5000){à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦} a condition that checks if the push button switchern was pressed 5 seconds and then call the method changeLights(). void changeLights(){à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦} in this method, it indicates the sequence lights when it will lit and shows how car/motorist and pedestrian traffic lights work. delay(2000); delays for 2 seconds before it the green light changes to yellow light and delay(1000); delay for a second before it goes red. changeTime = millis(); this stores the current time in milliseconds to changeTime by calling millis(). Comparison of Code vs. Hardware Output The code manipulate, manages and provides the output for the hardware. In this experiment if you push or press the push button switcher it changes its lights in a of set time and this shows how traffic lights works. Recommendation/Enhancement We can use this traffic light experiment to create mini traffic lights inside the car or motor. In that case the motorist farther on the traffic light will also know the signal.

Intangible Justice is in the Soul Essay -- Essays Papers

Intangible Justice is in the Soul Plato’s Republic, although officially divided into ten books, can be separated into two very distinct sections. The first section, roughly spanning Books I through IV, contains a rather tangible investigation of justice in practice. Namely, the section considers what acts or occurrences are just, either in a city or in a man. The second section, beginning around Book V and continuing through the end of the dialogue, deals with the much more abstract issue of justice in a soul. The backbone of this section is the Allegory of the Cave, and the establishment of the philosopher. Within these discussions, a new concept of justice is revealed which proves to be the most profound in the dialogue, and comes closest to answering the question of Socrates’ success in convincing Glaucon and Adeimantus that it pays to be just. The discussion surrounding the Allegory of the Cave, known well independently of the Republic, begins as an attempt by Socrates to â€Å"make an image of our nature in its education and want of education.† (Plato, Republic[1], 514a[2]). Here, Socrates begins to emphasize the connection between the nature of human education and justice—a theme that will become a central element in the definition of justice that the Allegory produces. The Allegory itself begins with a description of people raised in a dark cave who can see only the shadows that a fire behind them projects onto the wall they are perpetually facing. The images the people see, the â€Å"puppets† (514b), are all they have ever known, and are therefore thought of as reality, and not a filtered version void of details. Socrates, in fact, calls the people â€Å"prisoners† (514a). Socrates then turns the tables and, perhaps signal... ...mention of the benefits of keeping one’s soul free of chaos, Socrates shies away from actually addressing whether it pays or not to be just. The very fact that the second unofficial section of the Republic, which proves to be more dominant than the first, deals with justice in the soul furthers this phenomenon. In the end, justice is in a person’s soul and has little to no connection with the tangible world, and therefore cannot provide tangible benefits to following or disobeying it. This is the real message of the Republic. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] Plato. Republic. Trans. Allan Bloom. Basic Books, 1968. [2] Stephanus numbers and letters used to cite all works of Plato. They will be used to cite all further quotes from Plato’s Republic. [3] This is in fact the definition of an allegory.

Katrina Barcelo

â€Å"The characteristic of sound by which a shrill sound can be distinguished from a grave sound is known as PITCH.†Pitch of sound depends upon the frequency of sound. The greater the frequency, the higher is the pitch and vice versa. It is the pitch of sounds that enable us to distinguished b/w a sound of man and woman or man and dog. Etc. sound of a woman is shrill due to high pitch. Sound of a dog is grave due to low pitch and low frequency.QUALITY OR TIMBERâ€Å"The property of sound by virtue of which we can distinguish between two sounds of the same pitch and the loudness originating from two different musical instruments.† The sound produced by two different instruments is usually complex. It is a mixture of several tones. The tone of lowest frequency is called Fundamental frequency and other tones are known as OVERTONES OR HARMONICS. The loudness of sound depends upon the amplitude of vibration. And pitch determined by its fundamental frequency. Two or more sou nd may have the same loudness and the same pitch but that they may differ in number and relative intensities of overtones. The quality of sound depends upon the wave from of the resultants. Nature has such a great diversity that it is very rare to have some overtones of two persons exactly. So this difference is overtones makes it possible to recognize each sound. This characteristic of sound is called QUALITY. INTENSITY OF SOUNDâ€Å"The intensity of sound is defined as the amount of energy transmitted per second through unit area held perpendicularly in the direction of sound waves.† Intensity of sound = E/t.A OR I = E/t.A Pitch Pitch = frequency of soundFor example, middle C in equal temperament = 261.6 HzSounds may be generally characterized by pitch, loudness, and quality. The perceived pitch of a sound is just the ear's response to frequency, i.e., for most practical purposes the pitch is just the frequency. The pitch perception of the human ear is understood to operate basically by the place  theory, with some sharpening mechanism necessary to explain the remarkably high resolution of human pitch perception. The place theory and its refinements provide plausible models for the perception of the relative pitch of two tones, but do not explain the phenomenon of perfect pitch. The just noticeable difference in pitch is conveniently expressed in cents, and the standard figure for the human ear is 5 cents.Sound quality is typically an assessment of the accuracy, enjoyability, or intelligibility of audio output from an electronic device. Quality can be measured objectively, such as when tools are used to gauge the accuracy with which the device reproduces an original sound; or it can be measured subjectively, such as when human listeners respond to the sound or gauge its perceived similarity to another sound. The sound quality of a reproduction or recording depends on a number of factors, including the equipment used to make it, processing and master ing done to the recording, the equipment used to reproduce it, as well as the listening environment used to reproduce it.In some cases, processing such as equalization, dynamic range compression or stereo processing may be applied to a recording to create audio that is significantly different from the original but may be perceived as more agreeable to a listener. In other cases, the goal may be to reproduce audio as closely as possible to the original. When applied to specific electronic devices, such as loudspeakers, microphones, amplifiers or headphones sound quality usually refers to accuracy, with higher quality devices providing higher accuracy reproduction. When applied to processing steps such as mastering recordings, absolute accuracy may be secondary to artistic or aesthetic concerns. In still other situations, such as recording a live musical performance, audio quality may refer to proper placement of microphones around a room to optimally use room acoustics.

The Influence of the News Media †Marketing Essay

The Influence of the News Media – Marketing Essay Free Online Research Papers The Influence of the News Media Marketing Essay When the founding fathers of this nation established the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, they saw the freedom of speech and press as a fundamental right necessary to ensure the continued existence of liberty. The role of the media, especially, news media was to be that of a gatekeeper, acting as a part of the system of checks and balances built into the framework of government. However, along with the development of society, news media made and is making more and more influence on people. Currently, in a nation where our children spend more time watching television and listening to the radio than they do going to school, they readily believe what they see and hear in the media. These children grow up to become adults who, for the most part, still base their opinions and beliefs on what they see and hear in the media. Although it is true that the media is not effective in telling people what to think, it possesses great power in influencing what people think about. For the most part, the media is able to decide from what angle they wish to present an issue. This is often done without considering the consequences of what they are purporting to be the truth. Take the bombing in city for instance. When the media first reported the tragedy, they speculated that this was the work of â€Å"Dongtu†(East Turkistan) terrorists. This resulted in numerous public outcries to shut off the flow of immigrants into big cities, especially from the Sinkiang. This media speculation also increased gap between the southwest of China and the rest of the population. The media has been responsible for the creation and spread of many stereotypes. Irresponsible, speculative reporting has already unfairly damaged the credibility of the southwest of China. Further evidence suggests that people who rely upon the television news programs as their primary source of information tend to be more cynical and confused when it comes to political issues. This is especially true when the news coverage involves foreign policy. In conclusion, I have to acknowledge the truth of that news media have passive influence for society, we should possess an objective thinking when we are concerning the news. Research Papers on The Influence of the News Media - Marketing EssayRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPETSTEL analysis of IndiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesQuebec and CanadaDefinition of Export QuotasHip-Hop is Art

teenage smoking essays

teenage smoking essays This is a story about Stephanie. When she was 16 she had her first cigarette, in the back of her friends car. Her friend lit up a cigarette for herself and then offered Stephanie one. Stephanie knew that smoking was bad for you, but everyone else she knew had tried it. She wanted to feel like she fit in. She smoked the cigarette and thought to herself, Hey, this is pretty cool. I feel so relaxed. Two years later, Stephanie was a senior and smoking a pack a day. She found it hard to make it through her eight hour school day without having a smoke. She knew she was addicted, but liked the fact that she was part of the smoking crowd in her school. Four years later and about 450 packs of cigarettes later, Stephanie was in college, and addicted as ever. She knew she wanted to quit, but didnt think she could hack it with all the stress of college. She wished that she had never had that first cigarette when she was 16, because she wouldnt be addicted now. If there had been a la w, prohibiting teenage smoking, she never would have started. According to the National Institute of drug abuse, each day, 3,000 teens smoke their first cigarette. That is more that one million annually. Despite government attempts, teenage smoking is rising in alarming numbers. In fact, in Ohio 35 percent of high-school kids smoke. A number way above the 24 percent of adult smokers. Ohio needs a tough law to prohibit teens from smoking, so that these percentages will be smaller in upcoming years. The government needs to target teenagers, because they will become the future smokers. Instead of concentrating on addicted adults, they should be preventing young people from starting. It is hard to get adults who have been smoking for numerous years to stop. Its much easier to prevent youth from starting. In January of 1998, cigarette manufacturer, Philip Morris, admitted that the company had monitored the smoking habi...

Theories Of Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theories Of Motivation - Essay Example Maslow's hierarchical nature of human needs points to what motivates a person at a particular stage of his/her career. For example, people at the bottom of the 7-stage pyramid of the hierarchy value the basic physiological needs more. When the lower stage needs are met, the relevant factors lose their importance as motivators and a higher degree of motivating factors come into play, which is more psychological nature. Thus, as they move up to, for example, the fourth stage, self-worth, and self-esteem become more relevant as ‘needs’ – in other words, motivating factors. Significantly, Sun-2-Shade workers seem to be yearning for such recognition having already achieved secure jobs, good pay and working in a progressive/growing company.A word about the interaction of the age factor is relevant. The supervisor and the workers are of the age group – Gen Xers and Millennials. Obviously, the age group is a mix of the seniors of the former and juniors of the latte r categories. Gen Xers prefer ‘flexibility and freedom’ while Millennials value ‘structured, supportive environment’ but can ‘expect and demand more’ (ibid.). Hence there are subtle differences in the groups of workers and this can point to the solution to the problem.Using Herzberg and McGregor theoriesHerzberg's two-factor motivation theory proposed that hygiene factors have the ability to reduce dissatisfaction while motivators increase job satisfaction.... Significantly, Sun-2-Shade workers seem to be yearning for such recognition having already achieved secure jobs, good pay and working in a progressive/growing company. A word about the interaction of the age factor is relevant. The supervisor and the workers are of the age group – Gen Xers (born 1965-‘76 period) and Millennials (born 1977-‘98 period) (Thielfoldt and Scheef, 2004). Obviously, the age group is a mix of the seniors of the former and juniors of the latter categories. Gen Xers prefer ‘flexibility and freedom’ while Millennials value ‘structured, supportive environment’ but can ‘expect and demand more’ (ibid.). Hence there are subtle differences in the groups of workers and this can point to the solution to the problem. Using Herzberg and McGregor theories Herzberg’s two factor motivation theory proposed that hygiene factors have the ability to reduce dissatisfaction while motivators increase job satisfaction (Anon., n.d, online). The hygiene factors like pay and benefits, job security, working conditions, company policies, etc. determine how an individual rates his job/employer against his own expectations. In the process of such assessment, the individual is less concerned about his own credentials and more concerned with what he is getting out of the job. The better the hygiene factors the more the satisfaction level, which then works as the basis for the motivators. The motivators like work content, recognition, promotion etc. help an individual to gain a sense of job satisfaction. Hence, the Herzberg theory supports the view that motivation cannot be achieved if the underlying hygiene factors are ignored. McGregor’s

Differences between the Articles of confederation and the new Research Paper

Differences between the Articles of confederation and the new constitution - Research Paper Example The articles created a feeble national government incapable levying taxes and regulating trade hence the quest for the new constitution that improved the stature of the government by increasing its powers (Wendel 768). The removal of the articles of confederation was due to their immense powers over the national government. The articles lacked a court system to impose the levying plus collection of taxes. The congress was incapable of making laws and therefore levying of taxes was difficult. In addition, the articles did not provide an atmosphere for enhancing trade regulation between the existing states and other countries (Young 1572). The articles could only allow only a vote per state and too many powers to states. It also performed the functions of appointing the delegates for every state, which was undesirable. It was difficult to impose changes to the articles of confederation because there were undesirable procedures. All the states had to make amicable decisions to enhance t he changes. Having all the thirteen states in agreement over changes that would affect the government was not an easy task. Nine out of thirteen states had to approve any motion put forward to enhance amendment of the articles. Another weakness evident in the articles was the lack of a specific army to guard the nation. Each state stood separately with own affairs (Wendel 760). Every state developed policies for their own governance, not even the passage of treaties was a responsibility of the central government. Since very state created their own money, there was a possibility of lack of acceptance to their currency by other states. This created an unfavorable environment for the states to participate in trade and improve their micro economies. The unicameral legislature present in the articles provided an atmosphere that there was no power separation hence the national government remained weak (Young 1570). The operation of the post offices was a responsibility of the states and n ot the central government. The articles of confederation developed immense powers to the states. In the articles there were sections supporting assertion of wars plus coining and borrowing of finances. The central government was incapable of making the states to abide by the laws. Despite the national government’s efforts to make a nationwide currency, the currency was valueless due to existing currencies from the states (Wirkner 13). The lack of effective common currency led to weak trade plus commerce that retarded the general economy of the United States. Vulnerability to attack by other countries plus pirates was evident due to the lack of a central army and army to safe gourd the entire populace. The articles were prevalent because of the fear instilled to the colonies by the colonial government. The authorities from the states with the fear instilled by the powers of the colonial government centrality of governance feared the same (Jensen 10). The articles thus provided sovereign states in terms of decision-making and freedom. The articles were an important law of the land before promulgation of the new constitution, which made a through way for changes in the government operations. The executive wanted the elimination of the articles to create room for most operations for the central government. For years, there was deprivation in the ability of the

Information Systems management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Information Systems management - Research Paper Example expenditure from 10 to 6 billion dollars and development time from 6 to 4 years (Tang &Zimmerman, 2009).Supply chain integration is basically the â€Å"approach of technically linking supply chain of vendors and customers† so as to make sure the â€Å"process is streamlined and to increase efficiency and accuracy.†(Pearlson & Saunders, 2010, p.152).However the final outcome was a complete opposite. As things stand now, apart from the project being in over budget of billions of dollars, it is also behind schedule by 3 years (Steve, 2013). Boeing’s Chief of Commercial Airplanes, Jim Albaugh, explains that they have spent so much more money than anticipated trying to recover than they ever would have used had they tried keeping major technologies nearer home (Steve, 2013). The main problem facing Boeing is shortfall in supplier oversight due to enthusiastic embrace of Integrated Supplier Information System, which allows suppliers to log in a portal, provided by Boeing, and thus need not necessarily meet with Boeing’s main team in US (Steve, 2013). Boeing further, rather than planning for face-to-face basis of communication, or on-site communication relied so much on their information systems with a web-based communications instrument known as Exostar that required suppliers to feed the latest information regarding their work progress (Steve, 2013). This IT equipment was to offer improved control, supply chain visibility as well as integration of important business processes, thus reducing development cost and time (Steve, 2013).Thus, instead of face-to-face kind of communication, the information technology tool was supposed to, in real time, flag problems. Not surprisingly, this technology miserably failed. As a result of this â€Å"remote con trol† outsourcing business, Boeing 787 encountered several Information systems problems that included electrical system faults in addition to battery issues that resulted to the Dreamliner’s grounding (Dominic, 2013). This

Pest Analysis for market occupying Essay Example for Free

Pest Analysis for market occupying Essay Pest analysis: The following pest analysis has been created for three markets separately. Pest analysis stands for political, economic, socio-cultural and technological environment. Use of the pest analysis guides our company to work according to the changes taking place in these categories. Moreover good use of the analysis assist the company to avoid taking action that is condemned to failure from the outset, for reason beyond its control. The following is a pest analysis created for the market occupying Dubai and London. Socio-cultural: There is vast cultural difference in regard to locals in these countries. Both the countries population consists of various other nationalities. Dubai and London has tolerance of other religions and culture. Population density: London (12,450/sq mi (4,807/km2), Dubai 408.18/km2 (1,057/sq mi). Political: Legal and regulatory bodies: Both the countries share strict aviation based regulation and laws. Regulatory body for London: CAA (civil aviation authority) Regulatory body for Dubai: DCAA (Dubai Civil aviation Authority) There is no such political conflict in this market, which makes business between these two countries quite versatile. Market: Dubai and London Economical: London: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increased 0.8 per cent Dubai: finance official predicts the UAE economy will top US$272 billion (S$361 billion)- 2010 Foreign exchange market: Pound sterling- 12.9% (daily share). Londons largest industry is finance. Tourism is one of Londons prime industries. Dubai is also an international financial centre and has been ranked 37th. Technological: Dubais industry growth had given way for technological advancement. Use of  technology has increased: London based companies in Dubai. London has various companies advising on the use of new technologies to other companies. Airlines based in Dubai use advanced technology to operate their businesses in London and Hong Kong. Pest analysis occupying the market in Dubai and Hong Kong: Socio-cultural: Hong Kong: the culture is a mix of the Chinese roots with influences from its time as a British colony. Dubai: Dubai is a highly cosmopolitan society with a diverse and vibrant culture. Honk Kong Population density: 6480/km2 16,576/sq mi. Dubai 408.18/km2 (1,057/sq mi). Dubai and Hong Kong has an established business link, which is an advantage to the aviation industry. Political: Legal and regulatory bodies: Dubai’s aviation regulatory body: DCAA (Dubai Civil aviation Authority), Hong Kong: Civil Aviation Administration of China. Government of Hong Kong: Non-sovereign partial democracy with unelected executive. Hong Kong continues to follow the English Common Law tradition established under British rule. Dubai and Hong Kong has no existing political conflicts. Market: Dubai and Hong Kong Economical: Hong Kong: an important centre for international finance and trade. Hong Kong dollar: 2.4% (daily share) Hong Kong GDP growth rate: economy is expected to grow 5 percent in 2010, may shrink 2 percent this year. Unemployment: 4.3% (July 2010). Main exports partners: China, US and Japan. Technological: Dubais industry growth has given way for technological advancement. The Innovation and Technology Commission (ITC) in Hong Kong supports applied  research and development (RD) and technology transfer and application. Hong Kong has seen a rise in technological advancement which has contributed to economic and social development. Pest analysis for market occupying in London and Hong Kong: Socio-cultural: Hong Kong: the culture is a mix of the Chinese roots with influences from its time as a British colony. In terms of population, London is the 25th largest city. London is also home to sizeable Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, and Jewish communities. Social trend (London and Hong Kong): career oriented, working class, low level of death rate. Technological: The Innovation and Technology Commission (ITC) in Hong Kong supports applied research and development (RD) and technology transfer and application. Hong Kong has seen a rise in technological advancement which has contributed to economic and social development. London has a vibrant and growing IT sector. The region boasts over 350 companies with approximately 8000 employees. Economical: The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the 6th largest in the world. London is a major financial centre for international business and commerce. Public debt: London: 68.5% of GDP (2009 est.). Hong Kong: 14.5% of GDP (2008 est.) Labor force: Hong Kong: 3.64 million (2007 est.) London: provincial unemployment rate fell from 8.9% to 8.6%. (2010) Market: London and Hong Kong Political: Legal and regulatory bodies: Hong Kong: Civil Aviation Administration of China. London: CAA (civil aviation authority) Hong Kong follows a free trade policy and hence  maintains basically no barriers on trade. There are various laws and regulations implied on businesses being set up in London, even for trading as well.

OSI MODEL Essay -- essays research papers

Michael Rauseo  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   IT310  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   OSI Model In the early years of computer and network research and development many systems were designed by a number of companies. Although each system had its rights and were sold across the world, it became apparent as network usage grew, that it was difficult, to enable all of these systems to communicate with each other. In the early 1980s, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) recognized the need for a network model that would help companies create common network implementations. The OSI reference model, released in 1984, addresses this need. The OSI reference model became the primary architectural model for communications. Although other architectural models have been created, most network vendors relate their network products to the OSI reference model. The OSI model describes the processes necessary for effective communication in terms of a seven layered model. The seven layers are : Physical Layer The physical layer defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional specifications for activating, maintaining, and deactivating the physical link between end systems. Such characteristics as voltage levels, timing of voltage changes, physical data rates, maximum transmission distances, and physical connectors, are defined by physical layer specifications. Data Link Layer The data-link layer provides error-free transfer of data frames from one computer to another over the physical layer. The layers above this layer can assume virtually error-free transmission over the network. The data-link layer provides the following functions. - Establishing and terminating a logical link between two computers identified by their unique network interface card. - Controlling frame flow by instructing the transmitting computer not to transmit frame buffers - Sequentially transmitting and receiving frames - Providing and expecting frame-acknowledgment, and detecting and recovering from errors that occur in the physical layer by ret... ...cation layer of one system will be readable by the application layer of another system. If necessary, the presentation layer translates between multiple data representation formats by using a common data representation format. The presentation layer concerns itself not only with the format and representation of actual user data, but also with data structures used by programs. In addition to actual data format transformation, the presentation layer negotiates data transfer syntax for the application layer. Application Layer The application layer is the OSI layer closest to the user. It differs from the other layers because it does not provide services to any other OSI layer, but rather to application processes lying outside the scope of the OSI model. Examples include spreadsheet programs, word-processing programs, banking terminal programs, etc. The application layer identifies and establishes the availability of intended communication partners, synchronizes cooperating applications, and establishes agreement on procedures for error recovery and control of data integrity. Also, the application layer determines whether sufficient resources for the intended communication exist. []

The Evolution of Frankenstein :: Frankenstein, Mary Shelley

The Evolution of Frankenstein Not so long ago, relative to the world at large, in picturesque Geneva not so far from Lake Leman, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley took part in a not so commonplace "contest". The contest was to write a ghost story. The outcome was Frankenstein; what is considered today to be a classic, one of the first science fiction tales, and a story immortalized many times over in film. And what at its inception was considered little more than the disturbed and ill conceived writings of a woman by some, and a noble if misplaced effort by others. Critical readings of the novel have grown over time to encompass more aspects of the critical range and to allow for a broader reading and understanding of the work which accounts for more than merely face value formal, rhetorical, mimetic or expressive theories alone. In March of 1818, the same year Frankenstein was published, The Belle Assemblee magazine reviewed Frankenstein. In its opening paragraph states "..that the presumptive works of man must be frightful, vile, and horrible; ending only in discomfort and misery to himself. But will all our readers understand this?". Clearly this reviewer is, in some part, taking into account rhetorical theories. The analysis given is in the interests of the reader, so that they might better be able to appreciate the work. As well, credit is given to formal aspects of the work, the "excellence of its style and language" as well as "its originality, excellence of language, and peculiar interest". Though this review was brief, and did little more than summarize the book for interested readers of the time, it did what many others did not, in that it focused on Frankenstein as an original work that offered something new to readers of the time. Further reviews, from sources such as Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine allowed the author, whose identity was not known for certain at the time, some small leeway in their criticisms. Though they too agreed that the formal style of Frankenstein was unique and praiseworthy, strictly mimetic theories are taken into account in matters they consider inconsistent within the novel, particularly as they pertain to the nature of the monster. It is looked upon as non-reflective of the way of the real world, that a The Evolution of Frankenstein :: Frankenstein, Mary Shelley The Evolution of Frankenstein Not so long ago, relative to the world at large, in picturesque Geneva not so far from Lake Leman, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley took part in a not so commonplace "contest". The contest was to write a ghost story. The outcome was Frankenstein; what is considered today to be a classic, one of the first science fiction tales, and a story immortalized many times over in film. And what at its inception was considered little more than the disturbed and ill conceived writings of a woman by some, and a noble if misplaced effort by others. Critical readings of the novel have grown over time to encompass more aspects of the critical range and to allow for a broader reading and understanding of the work which accounts for more than merely face value formal, rhetorical, mimetic or expressive theories alone. In March of 1818, the same year Frankenstein was published, The Belle Assemblee magazine reviewed Frankenstein. In its opening paragraph states "..that the presumptive works of man must be frightful, vile, and horrible; ending only in discomfort and misery to himself. But will all our readers understand this?". Clearly this reviewer is, in some part, taking into account rhetorical theories. The analysis given is in the interests of the reader, so that they might better be able to appreciate the work. As well, credit is given to formal aspects of the work, the "excellence of its style and language" as well as "its originality, excellence of language, and peculiar interest". Though this review was brief, and did little more than summarize the book for interested readers of the time, it did what many others did not, in that it focused on Frankenstein as an original work that offered something new to readers of the time. Further reviews, from sources such as Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine allowed the author, whose identity was not known for certain at the time, some small leeway in their criticisms. Though they too agreed that the formal style of Frankenstein was unique and praiseworthy, strictly mimetic theories are taken into account in matters they consider inconsistent within the novel, particularly as they pertain to the nature of the monster. It is looked upon as non-reflective of the way of the real world, that a

Something You Do Well on

Something that I learned to do non academic is a to play cymbals. Why cymbals you may ask? Well I was never really interested in band even though I was in it for a year. I wasn’t interested in playing a wood, horn, or drum. I never knew that my school had cymbals cause my class period there were none. The first time that I ever seen actual cymbal players was at TSU football game. I saw how they twirled and danced as they played the instruments. My cousin was in the drum line he bounced around to instrument to instrument.Then he found his last option cymbals. He told me â€Å"Keandre why you don’t play in band anymore? † I said â€Å"they don’t have any interesting instrument s†. He said â€Å"you should play cymbals†. I immediately joined again. On my first day I had to learn the three basic skills on cymbals choke chase and crash. First was the crash. Crashing the cymbals you had to hold the left or right at an angle the hit it with the othe r. I could do this step it was the easiest. I never could mess up this step. Crash, crash, crash, one after another left then right then again.Most people that first learn the cymbals this step should come naturally. Next was choke a little more complex. I had to put my hands in the a certain way then had to act as if I was clapping my hand and then move the cymbals forward. I couldn’t do this motion right, I tried and either it was wrong or wasn’t loud enough. My instructors told me that I couldn’t keep moving forward unless I learn this step. I took my pair of cymbals home the next few days. Came back and perfected it like I was one of the cymbal players.The last step is chasing, when I do a little crash to a chock, right before you do the choke you turn your cymbals towards you. I couldn’t do this difficult step. I tried to watch the others do it but couldn’t, I was thinking of quitting but that wasn’t a factor this time. This is somethin g I wanted to do. So I took my cymbals and watched an instructional video on Youtube. I found out that something difficult could be so simple. Once I got this step then I was allowed to play with the rest of the band. As time went by, I learned most of the songs. Then they taught the best part of cymbals to me.Twirling, I was already watching videos on Youtube. They said â€Å"what you got? † then they showed how to call other cymbal players out. Put my cymbals in the air and twirl them towards each other. I started to learn the call outs and soon called out everyone even though I would either get beat or win. Someone from Stafford called me out then I raised my cymbals and battled. Once I was done, he sat down. I can hear all of my fellow band members cheering behind me. Once I actually felt like I was a part of an activity. People were actually proud of me.

Haydn and Eszterhaza essays

Haydn and Eszterhaza essays "Not only did I have the encouragement of constant approval, but as the conductor of the orchestra I could experiment, find out what made a good effect and what weakened it, so I was free to alter, improve, add or omit and be as bold as I pleased. Cut off from the rest of the world I had no one to bother me and I was forced to become original." The above quote was said by Franz Joseph Haydn (1732 - 1809) during the later years of his life and it refers to the time he spent in Esterhaza. Haydn was, and still is, considered one of the most famous composers of the classical era. The large amount of compositions that he created, and his many contributions to the classical style, has made Haydn one of the most influential and studied composers of the millennium. As mentioned in the introductory quote, Haydn contributed a large amount of his personal success to the time he spent in the palace of Eszterhaza, A palace of the Esterhazy family. By analysing the time period that Haydn had spen t working for the Esterhazy family, this essay will demonstrate how important these years were to the development of his musical abilities. The reason why this time period has been chosen was that these were the years right before Haydn began to grow in popularity outside the realm of the palace. Haydn's musical career had started when he moved to Vienna, from his rural peasant village, and became a choirboy at the St. Stephen's Cathedral. In 1761 Prince Paul Anton Esterhazy of Vienna hired Haydn, and this was when his relationship with the Esterhazy family had begun. At this point in his career Haydn had served as the assistant musical director for the Prince, as he worked under a man by the name of Werner. During this time Haydn had composed a few symphonies but he was not given much room to grow as he was seen as nothing less than a servant. In the years to come Haydn's situation would change dramatically due to a number of major developments that...

Beowulf Essays (1042 words) - Literature, Fiction, Beowulf, Film

Beowulf Essays (1042 words) - Literature, Fiction, Beowulf, Film Beowulf Beowulf begins with a history of the Danish kings, starting with Shild and leading up to the reign of king Hrothgar, Shilds great-grandson. Hrothgar is well loved by his people and is successful in war. He builds a lavish hall ,called Herot, to house his vast army, and when the hall is finished the Danish soldiers gather under its roof to celebrate. Grendel, a monster in human shape who lives at the bottom of a nearby swamp, is provoked by the singing and horsing around of Hrothgars followers. He appears at the hall late one night and kills thirty of the warriors in their sleep. For the next twelve years the fear of Grendels potential fury casts a shadow over the lives of the Danes. Hrothgar and his advisers can think of nothing to appease the monsters anger. Beowulf ,the prince of the Geats, hears about Hrothgars troubles, he gets fourteen of his bravest Geats, and sets sail from his home in Sweden. The Geats are greeted by the members of Hrothgars court, and Beowulf boasts to the king of his previous successes as a warrior, particularly his successes in fighting sea monsters. Hrothgar welcomes the arrival of the Geats, hoping that Beowulf will live up to his reputation. During the banquet that follows Beowulfs arrival, Unferth, a Danish soldier, voices doubt about Beowulfs past accomplishments, and Beowulf, in turn, accuses Unferth of killing his brothers. Before retiring for the night, Hrothgar promises Beowulf great treasures if he meets with success against the monster. Grendel appears on the night of the Geats arrival at Herot. Beowulf, true to his word, wrestles the monster barehanded. He tears off the monsters arm at the shoulder, but Grendel escapes, only to die soon afterward at the bottom of his snake-infested swamp. The Danish warriors, who had fled the hall in fear, return singing songs in praise of Beowulfs triumph. Hrothgar keeps his word and rewards Beowulf with the treasures he had promised. After another banquet all of the soldiers go to sleep. Not knowing the warriors, Grendel had a mother and she was plotting to take revenge for her son. She arrives at the hall when everybody is sleeping and carries off Esher, Hrothgars chief advisor. Beowulf, rising to the occasion, offers to dive to the bottom of the lake, find the monsters home, and destroy her. he and his men follow the monsters tracks to the cliff overlooking the lake where Grendels mother lives. They see Eshers bloody head floating on the surface of the lake. While preparing for battle, Beowulf ask Hrothgar to protect his warriors , and to send his treasures to his uncle, king Higlac, if he doesnt return alive. During the ensuing battle Grendels mother carries Beowulf to her underwater home. After a terrible fight Beowulf kills the monster with a magical sword that he finds on the wall of her home. He also finds Grendels dead body, cuts off the head, and returns to land, where the Geat and Danish warriors are waiting for him. Beowulf has now cleaned Denmark of the race of evil monsters. The warriors return to Hrothgars court, where the Danish king delivers a sermon to Beowulf on the dangers of pride and on the fleeting nature of fame and power. The Danes and Geats prepare a feast in celebration of the death of the monsters. In the morning the Geats hurry to their boat, anxious to begin the trip home. Beowulf says farewell to Hrothgar and tells the old king that if the Danes ever need help he will gladly come to their assistance. Hrothgar presents Beowulf with more treasures and they embrace, emotionally, like father and son. The Geats sail home. After recounting the story of his battles with Grendel and Grendels mother, Beowulf tell king Higlac about the feud between Denmark and their enemies, The Hathoboards. He describes the proposed peace settlement, in which Hrothgar will give his daughter Freaw to Ingeld, king of the Hathoboards, but he predicts that the peace settlement wont last long. Higlac rewards Beowulf for his bravery with territory, swords, and houses. The meeting between Higlac and Beowulf marks the end of the first part of the poem. In the next part is

Free Essays on Crash, By Linda Bacon

Upon initially viewing Linda Bacon’s oil painting, â€Å"Crash†, one witnesses a chaotic jumble of activity. There is a tall wooden man standing with one leg poised on a sleek red car. That car is one of three others that appeared to have some sort of â€Å"crash†. A small man is running from his car to another with a scowl look on his face. Just behind the wreck a steel blue car is speeding away from the scene. Farther up the road a large red truck is abruptly making its way over the hill and into the direction of the crash. Above the truck, the sky is a mixture of pinks and blues except for in the upper right corner where it appears a storm is raging. Finally, surrounding both sides of the country road, lush green grass pierced with barbed wire fence and telephone poles fades into the distance. There are many things that can be interpreted from this work of art and just as many inferences can be made about the artist’s intentions. First off, the large wooden man on the left is clearly one object that seems out of place in this piece. It seems as if he is some sort of voice of reason. The large size and one bent leg resting on the car give him an imposing and commanding presence as he surveys the â€Å"crash†. Moving over to the actual crash; one can find many interesting tidbits upon closer inspection. At first your eyes are focused on a small little man that appears to be going from his green car to the red car quite hastily and with some aggression. We can make the assumption that he is running due to the position of his legs. Unlike the arms, his legs do not have a hinge so they can not move at all. Had the figure been placed any other way, it would not have had the same effect. The artist captured a moment of pure aggression and anger that could not have happened in any other position. Looking further at those front three cars it is obvious an incredible amount of detail was put into painting them. Every piece of rust and flaki... Free Essays on Crash, By Linda Bacon Free Essays on Crash, By Linda Bacon Upon initially viewing Linda Bacon’s oil painting, â€Å"Crash†, one witnesses a chaotic jumble of activity. There is a tall wooden man standing with one leg poised on a sleek red car. That car is one of three others that appeared to have some sort of â€Å"crash†. A small man is running from his car to another with a scowl look on his face. Just behind the wreck a steel blue car is speeding away from the scene. Farther up the road a large red truck is abruptly making its way over the hill and into the direction of the crash. Above the truck, the sky is a mixture of pinks and blues except for in the upper right corner where it appears a storm is raging. Finally, surrounding both sides of the country road, lush green grass pierced with barbed wire fence and telephone poles fades into the distance. There are many things that can be interpreted from this work of art and just as many inferences can be made about the artist’s intentions. First off, the large wooden man on the left is clearly one object that seems out of place in this piece. It seems as if he is some sort of voice of reason. The large size and one bent leg resting on the car give him an imposing and commanding presence as he surveys the â€Å"crash†. Moving over to the actual crash; one can find many interesting tidbits upon closer inspection. At first your eyes are focused on a small little man that appears to be going from his green car to the red car quite hastily and with some aggression. We can make the assumption that he is running due to the position of his legs. Unlike the arms, his legs do not have a hinge so they can not move at all. Had the figure been placed any other way, it would not have had the same effect. The artist captured a moment of pure aggression and anger that could not have happened in any other position. Looking further at those front three cars it is obvious an incredible amount of detail was put into painting them. Every piece of rust and flaki...

Question 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Question 3 - Essay Example There are over 62 million women in the United States of childbearing age from 15 to 44 years (â€Å"Facts†). This represents the potential target market for Oxylent. The primary market has been identified as women aged between 28 to 40 years. Currently, the Prenatal Oxylent pack is designed to contain 30 packets; further market research is necessary to establish whether additional packaging units must be made for 7, 60 and 90 packets. Additional research is also necessary with respect to advertising and distribution. The product has been pretested for purity as well as potency; further market tests will be conducted using stratified samples for possible side effects. The product will be available nationwide using a market penetration strategy, along with a strong advertising effort. Oxylent will be launched by the second quarter of this fiscal year and is expected to achieve strong market growth soon. The marketing strategies for the product have been designed to snare a ten to twenty percent market share in the first year. The Development stage is nearly wrapped up and product introduction is expected now. Sales volume is expected to be steep due to pricing strategy, strong relationship building and product innovativeness. As opposed to tablets that have to be swallowed or chewed, this innovative powder has a fruity flavor and is easily dissolved in water, making it easier for pregnant women to consume it. Furthermore, the product contains zero gluten, lactose, caffeine, artificial flavors and sugar. This product USP sets this product apart from competition and attracts women. To ensure sustained market growth this USP needs to be communicated to the target market. â€Å"Vitalah Introduces Prenatal Oxylent— An Innovative, Easy-to-Digest, Great-Tasting Effervescent and the Official Prenatal Multivitamin of the American Pregnancy Association.† Americanpregnancy. American Pregnancy

Literary Analysis Of White Teeth By Zadie Smith Essay

Literary Analysis Of White Teeth By Zadie Smith - Essay Example She is currently a Fellow at Harvard University in the US. Our children will be born of our actions. Our accidents will become their destinies. Oh, the actions will remain. It is a simple matter of what you will do when the chips are down, my friend. When the fat lady is singing. When the walls are falling in, and the sky is dark, and the ground is rumbling. In that moment our actions will define us. And it makes no difference whether you are being watched by Allah, Jesus, Buddha, or whether you are not. On cold days a man can see his breath, on a hot day he can't. On both occasions, the man breathes. -Zadie Smith, White Teeth If World War II and the knowledge of oppression it represents are absent from all too many postcolonial studies, fifty-five years after its ending, the event and its lingering effects have found a critical position in the remarkable novel White Teeth, by Zadie Smith, Britain's most celebrated postcolonial prodigy. In White Teeth, the last days of that war mark the beginning of an escape from the nightmare of belonging to someone else and chart a journey to somewhere else. White Teeth proclaims a declaration of independence not only from the haunting and constraining memory of the war's catastrophes and racist oppression, but from the very idea of belonging. After centuries of colonial oppression and decades of postcolonial depression and anger, White Teeth imagines the grand finale of Empire as the construction of a multicultural, multiclass British bazaar. Acknowledging its colonial history and debt to postcolonial studies, the novel creates a set of unanticipated mutating connectio ns among historical and imagined events and identities interwoven among first-, second-, and third-generation postcolonial citizens of Britain. (Mike Storry, Peter Childs 53) The end of World War II meets the creation of a new Britain when a younger generation seizes the monocultural ground of Englishness on which their racialized conditions originated. As this younger generation remaps the future of their interrelated history, the narrative and political effects of their takeover represent a response not only to postcolonial critics, but to British women writing the end of Empire. Born in 1975, of a Jamaican mother and English father, in the epicenter of "British racism of the 1970s and 1980s, "Zadie Smith writes White Teeth as a rebellion against her confinement in the role of marginalized victim in an ongoing history of oppression. Neither she nor her characters will accept their places as objects of an interminable and global racist plot. (Nasta 11) Instead, she insists that "her own education at a comprehensive school and then at Cambridge shows that"life changes, my family is a picture of change"). The novel's hyperkinetic romp across interracial, multiethnic London veers from the marriage of working-class Englishman Archie Jones to biracial Jamaican Clara, from his friendship with his Bengali Muslim army mate, Samad Iqbal, to their children's entanglements with the Jewish Chalfen family. As their children hip-hop unimpeded through London's jumble of social and cultural identities, White Teeth understands, toys with, and then refuses inclusion in the "official racism of Britain in the 1970s". These characters and the whole of White Teeth will not play into the hands of Enoch Powell's racist rhetoric-"the triumph of barbarism over civilization". Powell's rallying cry against the postwar waves of postcolonial immigration reverses that slogan used by colonial conquerors and also by the Allies in their war against Nazi conquest-th e triumph of civilization over barbarism. But Powell's slogan also exposes what all

Installation Art as the Newest Form of Expression Essay

Installation Art as the Newest Form of Expression - Essay Example The essay "Installation Art as the Newest Form of Expression" analyzes the form of expression in contemporary art, the Installation Art. The sublime element is, by its very nature, shapeless and indefinable and therefore cannot be placed within a specific visual form, the visual form, by its very nature, must suggest some element of the sublime. Every visible form is capable of suggesting some deeper meaning to an audience at varying levels of meaning regardless of the intentions of the artist. This is because art is not the static element it was once perceived to be. Instead, it is a constant interaction between the artist and the viewer, between what the artist created on the canvas and how the viewer interprets these forms based on his or her own experiences, understandings and context. The postmodern movement, with its emphasis on illuminating the sublime, brought these ideas to the forefront leading eventually to today’s trend to engage more of the viewer’s senses in this interaction. â€Å"The political and the aesthetic are inseparable, simultaneously present, faces of the postmodern problematic. Understanding this concept of the eternal relationships between content and sublime, artist and audience, is essential to understanding today’s movement toward installation art through artists such as Damien Hirst, Jenny Holzer and Sarah Lucas. One of the charges to today’s artists is to discover how to produce ‘incommunicable statements’ to modern society without resorting to the conformism.