Perspectives of Adult Literacy

Social Literacy Perspective Brandt and Clinton view literacy as a participant in local practices (Brandt Clinton, 2002). They argue that literacy is not an outcome of local practices since there are social structures and technology in the global society that affect the acquisition of literacy skills. Literacy depends on technologies and agents of transformations which it cannot determine their directions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Perspectives of Adult Literacy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Literacy practices are not usually invented by those who use them, but are invented by individual agents who may be in another far away society. Since literacy practices serves multiple interests including those in the larger society, their inventions influences the literacy practices in other regions across the globe. According to them literacy depends more on the powerful technological advances on literacy practice s. Therefore any technological transformation in literacy practices that is made, affects the functions, meanings, uses as well as values of literacy across the globe. This therefore implies that local practices in literacy adopted by a particular society are usually as result of responses to decisions that may have been made in regions far away from the local society. Although technological transformations play a major role in determining the outcome of learning, this perspective does not provide the significance of other factors in the social environment that influence learning. Technology may not play a major role in helping a learner acquire morals, values or even attitudes which are the social goals of learning. Democratic Perspective Richard Darville’s theory of democratic adult literacy views literacy as aimed at developing people’s capacity to participate consciously in the society (Darville, 2001). He acknowledges that there exists an interrelationship between learning and the social environment of the learner which includes the learner’s life within and outside the classroom. This therefore implies that literacy learning is influenced by political, social, religious, and economic among other aspects of the society. One of the theories that Darville uses to support his democratic theory of literacy is the Practice theory. This theory focuses on how learners relate to texts and how they interact amongst themselves during and after acquisition of literacy and even after accomplishing various literacy tasks. Individual abilities of a learner therefore play a role in determining the actions that the learner takes after acquiring literacy skills. On the other hand, the social environment influences the learner’s perception and attitude towards issues that occur in the society. The social environment would always provide the learner with an opportunity to interact and acquire morals, ethics and values which are in line with the s ociety’s norms.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This perspective limits learning to occur only through written materials and interactions but neglects other important learning resources and the role of other aspects of learning such as learning methodologies. Conceptual and Historical Perspectives Olson and Torrence feel that literacy practices should be built upon the oral traditions of the particular society and that acquisition of literacy skills would be better achieved if the existing culture in that particular society is able to sustain the literacy practices (Olson Torrence, n.d). This therefore implies that the teaching and learning subject content, methodologies as well as the teaching and learning resources should be tailored to meet the norms and needs of that particular society. It is very important to consider the institutional context of the learner when planning the teaching and learning resources and the learning content. The institutional context here includes the larger society and therefore the literacy practices put in place to impart knowledge and skills into learners should enable them acquire competencies which meet the developmental needs of that society. This view is true for societies which are still developing. However, to modern societies, it may be irrelevant as learners are developed to play a global role in development. Modern societies focus on providing learning resources and learning contents which make individuals be flexible to adapt to the challenges in the global environment. Reference List Brandt, D. Clinton, K. (2002). Limits of the local: Expanding perspectives on literacy as a social practice. Journal of Literacy Research 34(3): 337-356. Madison: University of Wisconsin-Madison. Darville, R. (2001). Adult literacy as social relations: a democratic theorizing. CASAE-ACEEA National Conference 2001- Twentieth Anniv ersary Proceedings. Ottawa: Carleton University.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Perspectives of Adult Literacy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Olson, D. R, Torrance, N. (n.d). On being literate society: Conceptual and historical perspectives on literacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. This essay on Perspectives of Adult Literacy was written and submitted by user Rhett E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Parasite mediated sexual selet essays

Parasite mediated sexual selet essays Why do some birds have long tails, others have bright plumage or patterns and others possess beautifully complicated songs. Many animal behaviourists have agreed that all these characteristics are developed as a result of female sexual selection, but that is where the agreement stops. The many theories on the evolution of secondary sexual characters, are an evolution in their own right. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the evolution of the research and hypotheses on this subject. How did each come about and lead to another, which was proven and find the answer to the question: How do females benefit from choosing a male with an enhanced morphological feature? Sexual selection is a corollary of natural selection and the two processes work in the same manner. Natural and sexual selection often create different selection pressures: natural selection results in traits that enhance reproduction and survival, where as sexual selection results in traits that enhance reproductive success, but at the expense of survival (Ghiselin(1969) of Darwin in Birkenhead Sexual selection occurs when the members of one sex mate disproportionately with members of the opposite sex on the basis of secondary traits, i.e. behaviours or structures other than reproductive organs or gametes. Sexual selection can occur in two ways; as a result of competition between members of the same sex (intrasexual) or by female choice of the fittest male following intra sexual competition or salesmanship (intersexual) (Clayton 1991). One of the most important factors determining the intensity of sexual selection is the relative amount of parental investment by each sex (Trivers 1972 in Krebs The sex investing least are more involved in intrasexual competition, where as the sex investing most are more discriminating in their choice of partner (Trivers 1972 in Birkenhead & Moller 1991). Trivers (1972) suggested that because sperm were...

Discussion 3 Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion 3 - Dissertation Example The documentation of this system involved extensive usage of Unified Modeling Language or UML. It was an immense challenge to incorporate all the actors such as the drivers, the students, admin and other personnel associated with the system into the UML format. The collaboration tool assisted in understanding the design of the system. The process of creating sequence diagram was very challenging as it involved the incorporation of details of the different interfaces, message orders, responsibilities, timeouts etc. to be incorporated along with various other details. Over all the use of UML simplified the step by step construction of the vehicle management system. The one ‘impossible’ task was made possible only by the hierarchal step by step construction of the system via UML diagrams. ANSWER NO.2 2a. and 2b. There are two errors explained with reasons: ERROR#1: The restocking fee is already set and fixed, so there is no need of setRestockingFee(inNewFee:double) because it will remain all the same throughout.

Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games-2016 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games-2016 - Coursework Example The case of the Olympic Games, a nation is not only interested in obtaining a degree of profitability, they are also interested in showcasing their nation to the rest of the world and providing these visitors/newcomers with a positive social experience that could encourage them to visit the nation in the future and/or engage with it economically in a way that they might not have before. Further, key environmental issues also exist with respect to planning and executing such an event as the Olympics. Ultimately, the structures and different requirements of these games necessitate that the city landscape must be transformed as a means of providing the crowds and the athletes with the required infrastructure for the games without creating monstrosities that will be an eyesore on the city landscape or have a distinctly negative impact upon the environment for the future.  Ã‚   Finally, planners for these games must bear in mind that the economics of the entire endeavor is the underpinn ing power and constraint that keeps the games confined to realistic goals.  The rationale for discussing the economic constraints and issues first has to do with the fact that the possibility to host such an event would not be able to be engaged if it were not for the requisite amount of funding that is required to host it.   Beyond this, a nation such as Brazil must determine a firm budget for the process. For instance, many nations that have hosted the Olympics in the past have crafted a budget only to find themselves experiencing dramatic cost overruns as projects are expanded, completed slowly, or not completed at all and necessitating the further work of engineers and contractors to complete according to plan. Moreover, rather than merely crafting a budget for the games and attempting to adhere to it, Brazil must also analyze the costs of the games with respect to the overall results that they hope to enjoy from them. As has been noted previously within the introduction, th e social and economic issues are somewhat overlapping; due to the fact that nations tend to put their respective system forward to the rest of the world as a means of engaging with people, encouraging them to invest within the nation, and promoting their own culture and society. Accordingly, the budget and planning process must engage with whether or not this particular approach will be utilized or whether or not the games are intended as a means of deriving revenue and being profitable. Although each and every nation that hosts the Olympic Games is interested in deriving a level of profitability, for the most part, nations that host these games find themselves in debt for decades after the Olympics have passed.

Piercing the Corporate Veil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Piercing the Corporate Veil - Essay Example The paper tells that the provision of limited liability to incorporated companies enhanced investments from a large number of small and large investors. It would not be far from the truth to assert that the growth of the modern economy and industrial development can be attributed to this principle of limited liability. Investors are no longer required to harbour apprehensions regarding their investments and from being held accountable for the liabilities of the company in which they had invested. It has been contended by the majority that the proper functioning and growth of stock markets has been affected by limited liability. Moreover, it has simplified the task of evaluating the assets of companies. Furthermore, limited liability has excised the uncertainties, risks, and liabilities experienced by investors in the past. Shareholders can monitor the behaviour of their company to a much greater extent than in the past. Modern economic development requires large – scale capita l inflow. The limited liability effectively ensures the availability of capital from investors. The House of Lords established the doctrine of corporate personality in Salomon v Salomon. Under this principle, private investors and shareholders of companies were permitted to organise their business, via the corporate legal form. It also allowed entrepreneurs and institutional investors to monitor their investment strategies. In the absence of the legal form of the company, shareholders and investors were at the risk of being personally held liable to the creditors of the company (Muchlinski, 2010, p. 918). It has been perceived that this doctrine has increased the influence of shareholders and investors in the functioning of the company and in its business strategies. However, the majority of the people have welcomed the doctrine of limited liability, as it eliminates the direct responsibility of shareholders in the management of the company (Muchlinski, 2010, p. 918). The process of globalisation has substantially increased business activity and the operations of multinational corporations (MNC) at the global level. The separation of legal form of the company from its shareholders and investors has brought about several jurisdictional problems and the domination of MNCs in business (Muchlinski, 2010, p. 920). These problems have come to the fore due to different legal systems in the world. In addition, the state regulatory mechanisms that pertain to the MNCs differ from each other. The limited liability concept externalises the risk from group of investors. Ultimately, it transforms global legal order into national and sub-national jurisdictions. Thus, the corporate veil has assumed the garb of a jurisdictional veil, and the MNCs are using this veil to limit risk of liability (Muchlinski, 2010, p. 920). Moreover, Jurisdiction has emerged as an important aspect of international commercial transactions. The MNCs have established a parent – subsidiary cult ure in international business, which creates ambiguity in determining the appropriate jurisdiction for disputes. The difficulty chiefly arises because the jurisdiction of the parent company and that of its subsidiary are different. Consequently, disputes with a subsidiary cannot be addressed by the legal system of the parent company’s host country, in order to determine liability (Muchlinski, 2010, p. 920). InAdams v Cape Industries, a UK based parent company exported asbestos from its mines in South Africa. It had conducted this export via a sales subsidiary and thereafter through an

Creation of Traffic Light Circuit

Creation of Traffic Light Circuit Introduction Traffic lights or traffic signals is used to control the traffic and to supervised motorist and pedestrians. The lights alternate accorded to users by displaying green for go, yellow signal that the light will change to red and red for stop. Without traffic lights there will be a lot of road accidents and traffic congestion. This experiment shows how traffic lights work using Arduino. Materials with Description 5 MM LED (5) Used as an output in the circuit and to know if the code is working. Resistor (220 ohms) (6) An electronic device used to control the current in the circuit. Jumper Wires M/M (13) Used as the connector to different pins in the prototyping board. USB cable (1) Used as the connector from computer to DFRArduino Uno R3. DFRArduino Uno R3 (1) A programmable circuit board. This hardware reads the code uploaded in the computer. Computer (1) Used to write, compile and upload the code to the circuit. Procedure (self-explained) Place the LEDs to the board. Traffic lights for pedestrians, green(1) positive pin at pin J17 and negative pin to pin J16, red(1) positive pin at pin J14 and negative pin to pin J13. 2.Traffic lights for motorist, green(2) positive pin at pin J8 and negative pin to pin J7, yellow positive pin at pin J5 and negative pin to pin J4. red(2) positive pin at pin J2 and negative pin to pin J1. 3. Plot the push button switcher at pin E10,E12, F10 and F12. Place the resistor(1) from D2 to G2, resistor(2) from D5 to G5, resistor(3) from D8 to G8, resistor(4) from D14 to G14, resistor(5) from D17 to G17, resistor(6) from C7 to C10 Connect the jumper wires, wire(1) from A2 to DP 12, wire(2) from A5 to DP 11, wire(3) from A7 to GND, wire(4) from A8 to DP 10, wire(5) from A10 to DP 9, wire(6) from A14 to DP 8, wire(7) from A17 to DP7, wire(8) from C12 to PP 5V, wire(9) from I1 to I4, wire(10) from H4 to H7, wire(11) from I7 to I13, wire(12) from H13 to H16, and wire(13) from I16 to GND. 6. Connect the USB cable to the computer and the circuit, compile the code then upload. Circuit Diagram Code Code Analysis int carRed = 12;, int carYellow = 11;, int carGreen = 10; this is the initialization of pins for motorists traffic lights. int button = 9; the initialization of the pushbutton connected to the Arduino. int pedRed = 8;, int pedGreen = 7; the initialization of pins for pedestrian lights. int crossTime = 5000; sets 5 seconds for the pedestrian LED to lit. pinMode(pinType,OUTPUT); pinType sets what pin to use, LEDs in this circuit serves as output. pinMode(button, INPUT); the input in the circuit came from the push button switcher. int state = digitalRead(button); reads if the push button switcher is pushed/pressed or not. if (state == HIGH) (millis() changeTime) > 5000){à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦} a condition that checks if the push button switchern was pressed 5 seconds and then call the method changeLights(). void changeLights(){à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦} in this method, it indicates the sequence lights when it will lit and shows how car/motorist and pedestrian traffic lights work. delay(2000); delays for 2 seconds before it the green light changes to yellow light and delay(1000); delay for a second before it goes red. changeTime = millis(); this stores the current time in milliseconds to changeTime by calling millis(). Comparison of Code vs. Hardware Output The code manipulate, manages and provides the output for the hardware. In this experiment if you push or press the push button switcher it changes its lights in a of set time and this shows how traffic lights works. Recommendation/Enhancement We can use this traffic light experiment to create mini traffic lights inside the car or motor. In that case the motorist farther on the traffic light will also know the signal.

Intangible Justice is in the Soul Essay -- Essays Papers

Intangible Justice is in the Soul Plato’s Republic, although officially divided into ten books, can be separated into two very distinct sections. The first section, roughly spanning Books I through IV, contains a rather tangible investigation of justice in practice. Namely, the section considers what acts or occurrences are just, either in a city or in a man. The second section, beginning around Book V and continuing through the end of the dialogue, deals with the much more abstract issue of justice in a soul. The backbone of this section is the Allegory of the Cave, and the establishment of the philosopher. Within these discussions, a new concept of justice is revealed which proves to be the most profound in the dialogue, and comes closest to answering the question of Socrates’ success in convincing Glaucon and Adeimantus that it pays to be just. The discussion surrounding the Allegory of the Cave, known well independently of the Republic, begins as an attempt by Socrates to â€Å"make an image of our nature in its education and want of education.† (Plato, Republic[1], 514a[2]). Here, Socrates begins to emphasize the connection between the nature of human education and justice—a theme that will become a central element in the definition of justice that the Allegory produces. The Allegory itself begins with a description of people raised in a dark cave who can see only the shadows that a fire behind them projects onto the wall they are perpetually facing. The images the people see, the â€Å"puppets† (514b), are all they have ever known, and are therefore thought of as reality, and not a filtered version void of details. Socrates, in fact, calls the people â€Å"prisoners† (514a). Socrates then turns the tables and, perhaps signal... ...mention of the benefits of keeping one’s soul free of chaos, Socrates shies away from actually addressing whether it pays or not to be just. The very fact that the second unofficial section of the Republic, which proves to be more dominant than the first, deals with justice in the soul furthers this phenomenon. In the end, justice is in a person’s soul and has little to no connection with the tangible world, and therefore cannot provide tangible benefits to following or disobeying it. This is the real message of the Republic. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] Plato. Republic. Trans. Allan Bloom. Basic Books, 1968. [2] Stephanus numbers and letters used to cite all works of Plato. They will be used to cite all further quotes from Plato’s Republic. [3] This is in fact the definition of an allegory.

Katrina Barcelo

â€Å"The characteristic of sound by which a shrill sound can be distinguished from a grave sound is known as PITCH.†Pitch of sound depends upon the frequency of sound. The greater the frequency, the higher is the pitch and vice versa. It is the pitch of sounds that enable us to distinguished b/w a sound of man and woman or man and dog. Etc. sound of a woman is shrill due to high pitch. Sound of a dog is grave due to low pitch and low frequency.QUALITY OR TIMBERâ€Å"The property of sound by virtue of which we can distinguish between two sounds of the same pitch and the loudness originating from two different musical instruments.† The sound produced by two different instruments is usually complex. It is a mixture of several tones. The tone of lowest frequency is called Fundamental frequency and other tones are known as OVERTONES OR HARMONICS. The loudness of sound depends upon the amplitude of vibration. And pitch determined by its fundamental frequency. Two or more sou nd may have the same loudness and the same pitch but that they may differ in number and relative intensities of overtones. The quality of sound depends upon the wave from of the resultants. Nature has such a great diversity that it is very rare to have some overtones of two persons exactly. So this difference is overtones makes it possible to recognize each sound. This characteristic of sound is called QUALITY. INTENSITY OF SOUNDâ€Å"The intensity of sound is defined as the amount of energy transmitted per second through unit area held perpendicularly in the direction of sound waves.† Intensity of sound = E/t.A OR I = E/t.A Pitch Pitch = frequency of soundFor example, middle C in equal temperament = 261.6 HzSounds may be generally characterized by pitch, loudness, and quality. The perceived pitch of a sound is just the ear's response to frequency, i.e., for most practical purposes the pitch is just the frequency. The pitch perception of the human ear is understood to operate basically by the place  theory, with some sharpening mechanism necessary to explain the remarkably high resolution of human pitch perception. The place theory and its refinements provide plausible models for the perception of the relative pitch of two tones, but do not explain the phenomenon of perfect pitch. The just noticeable difference in pitch is conveniently expressed in cents, and the standard figure for the human ear is 5 cents.Sound quality is typically an assessment of the accuracy, enjoyability, or intelligibility of audio output from an electronic device. Quality can be measured objectively, such as when tools are used to gauge the accuracy with which the device reproduces an original sound; or it can be measured subjectively, such as when human listeners respond to the sound or gauge its perceived similarity to another sound. The sound quality of a reproduction or recording depends on a number of factors, including the equipment used to make it, processing and master ing done to the recording, the equipment used to reproduce it, as well as the listening environment used to reproduce it.In some cases, processing such as equalization, dynamic range compression or stereo processing may be applied to a recording to create audio that is significantly different from the original but may be perceived as more agreeable to a listener. In other cases, the goal may be to reproduce audio as closely as possible to the original. When applied to specific electronic devices, such as loudspeakers, microphones, amplifiers or headphones sound quality usually refers to accuracy, with higher quality devices providing higher accuracy reproduction. When applied to processing steps such as mastering recordings, absolute accuracy may be secondary to artistic or aesthetic concerns. In still other situations, such as recording a live musical performance, audio quality may refer to proper placement of microphones around a room to optimally use room acoustics.

The Influence of the News Media †Marketing Essay

The Influence of the News Media – Marketing Essay Free Online Research Papers The Influence of the News Media Marketing Essay When the founding fathers of this nation established the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, they saw the freedom of speech and press as a fundamental right necessary to ensure the continued existence of liberty. The role of the media, especially, news media was to be that of a gatekeeper, acting as a part of the system of checks and balances built into the framework of government. However, along with the development of society, news media made and is making more and more influence on people. Currently, in a nation where our children spend more time watching television and listening to the radio than they do going to school, they readily believe what they see and hear in the media. These children grow up to become adults who, for the most part, still base their opinions and beliefs on what they see and hear in the media. Although it is true that the media is not effective in telling people what to think, it possesses great power in influencing what people think about. For the most part, the media is able to decide from what angle they wish to present an issue. This is often done without considering the consequences of what they are purporting to be the truth. Take the bombing in city for instance. When the media first reported the tragedy, they speculated that this was the work of â€Å"Dongtu†(East Turkistan) terrorists. This resulted in numerous public outcries to shut off the flow of immigrants into big cities, especially from the Sinkiang. This media speculation also increased gap between the southwest of China and the rest of the population. The media has been responsible for the creation and spread of many stereotypes. Irresponsible, speculative reporting has already unfairly damaged the credibility of the southwest of China. Further evidence suggests that people who rely upon the television news programs as their primary source of information tend to be more cynical and confused when it comes to political issues. This is especially true when the news coverage involves foreign policy. In conclusion, I have to acknowledge the truth of that news media have passive influence for society, we should possess an objective thinking when we are concerning the news. Research Papers on The Influence of the News Media - Marketing EssayRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPETSTEL analysis of IndiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesQuebec and CanadaDefinition of Export QuotasHip-Hop is Art

teenage smoking essays

teenage smoking essays This is a story about Stephanie. When she was 16 she had her first cigarette, in the back of her friends car. Her friend lit up a cigarette for herself and then offered Stephanie one. Stephanie knew that smoking was bad for you, but everyone else she knew had tried it. She wanted to feel like she fit in. She smoked the cigarette and thought to herself, Hey, this is pretty cool. I feel so relaxed. Two years later, Stephanie was a senior and smoking a pack a day. She found it hard to make it through her eight hour school day without having a smoke. She knew she was addicted, but liked the fact that she was part of the smoking crowd in her school. Four years later and about 450 packs of cigarettes later, Stephanie was in college, and addicted as ever. She knew she wanted to quit, but didnt think she could hack it with all the stress of college. She wished that she had never had that first cigarette when she was 16, because she wouldnt be addicted now. If there had been a la w, prohibiting teenage smoking, she never would have started. According to the National Institute of drug abuse, each day, 3,000 teens smoke their first cigarette. That is more that one million annually. Despite government attempts, teenage smoking is rising in alarming numbers. In fact, in Ohio 35 percent of high-school kids smoke. A number way above the 24 percent of adult smokers. Ohio needs a tough law to prohibit teens from smoking, so that these percentages will be smaller in upcoming years. The government needs to target teenagers, because they will become the future smokers. Instead of concentrating on addicted adults, they should be preventing young people from starting. It is hard to get adults who have been smoking for numerous years to stop. Its much easier to prevent youth from starting. In January of 1998, cigarette manufacturer, Philip Morris, admitted that the company had monitored the smoking habi...

Theories Of Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theories Of Motivation - Essay Example Maslow's hierarchical nature of human needs points to what motivates a person at a particular stage of his/her career. For example, people at the bottom of the 7-stage pyramid of the hierarchy value the basic physiological needs more. When the lower stage needs are met, the relevant factors lose their importance as motivators and a higher degree of motivating factors come into play, which is more psychological nature. Thus, as they move up to, for example, the fourth stage, self-worth, and self-esteem become more relevant as ‘needs’ – in other words, motivating factors. Significantly, Sun-2-Shade workers seem to be yearning for such recognition having already achieved secure jobs, good pay and working in a progressive/growing company.A word about the interaction of the age factor is relevant. The supervisor and the workers are of the age group – Gen Xers and Millennials. Obviously, the age group is a mix of the seniors of the former and juniors of the latte r categories. Gen Xers prefer ‘flexibility and freedom’ while Millennials value ‘structured, supportive environment’ but can ‘expect and demand more’ (ibid.). Hence there are subtle differences in the groups of workers and this can point to the solution to the problem.Using Herzberg and McGregor theoriesHerzberg's two-factor motivation theory proposed that hygiene factors have the ability to reduce dissatisfaction while motivators increase job satisfaction.... Significantly, Sun-2-Shade workers seem to be yearning for such recognition having already achieved secure jobs, good pay and working in a progressive/growing company. A word about the interaction of the age factor is relevant. The supervisor and the workers are of the age group – Gen Xers (born 1965-‘76 period) and Millennials (born 1977-‘98 period) (Thielfoldt and Scheef, 2004). Obviously, the age group is a mix of the seniors of the former and juniors of the latter categories. Gen Xers prefer ‘flexibility and freedom’ while Millennials value ‘structured, supportive environment’ but can ‘expect and demand more’ (ibid.). Hence there are subtle differences in the groups of workers and this can point to the solution to the problem. Using Herzberg and McGregor theories Herzberg’s two factor motivation theory proposed that hygiene factors have the ability to reduce dissatisfaction while motivators increase job satisfaction (Anon., n.d, online). The hygiene factors like pay and benefits, job security, working conditions, company policies, etc. determine how an individual rates his job/employer against his own expectations. In the process of such assessment, the individual is less concerned about his own credentials and more concerned with what he is getting out of the job. The better the hygiene factors the more the satisfaction level, which then works as the basis for the motivators. The motivators like work content, recognition, promotion etc. help an individual to gain a sense of job satisfaction. Hence, the Herzberg theory supports the view that motivation cannot be achieved if the underlying hygiene factors are ignored. McGregor’s

Differences between the Articles of confederation and the new Research Paper

Differences between the Articles of confederation and the new constitution - Research Paper Example The articles created a feeble national government incapable levying taxes and regulating trade hence the quest for the new constitution that improved the stature of the government by increasing its powers (Wendel 768). The removal of the articles of confederation was due to their immense powers over the national government. The articles lacked a court system to impose the levying plus collection of taxes. The congress was incapable of making laws and therefore levying of taxes was difficult. In addition, the articles did not provide an atmosphere for enhancing trade regulation between the existing states and other countries (Young 1572). The articles could only allow only a vote per state and too many powers to states. It also performed the functions of appointing the delegates for every state, which was undesirable. It was difficult to impose changes to the articles of confederation because there were undesirable procedures. All the states had to make amicable decisions to enhance t he changes. Having all the thirteen states in agreement over changes that would affect the government was not an easy task. Nine out of thirteen states had to approve any motion put forward to enhance amendment of the articles. Another weakness evident in the articles was the lack of a specific army to guard the nation. Each state stood separately with own affairs (Wendel 760). Every state developed policies for their own governance, not even the passage of treaties was a responsibility of the central government. Since very state created their own money, there was a possibility of lack of acceptance to their currency by other states. This created an unfavorable environment for the states to participate in trade and improve their micro economies. The unicameral legislature present in the articles provided an atmosphere that there was no power separation hence the national government remained weak (Young 1570). The operation of the post offices was a responsibility of the states and n ot the central government. The articles of confederation developed immense powers to the states. In the articles there were sections supporting assertion of wars plus coining and borrowing of finances. The central government was incapable of making the states to abide by the laws. Despite the national government’s efforts to make a nationwide currency, the currency was valueless due to existing currencies from the states (Wirkner 13). The lack of effective common currency led to weak trade plus commerce that retarded the general economy of the United States. Vulnerability to attack by other countries plus pirates was evident due to the lack of a central army and army to safe gourd the entire populace. The articles were prevalent because of the fear instilled to the colonies by the colonial government. The authorities from the states with the fear instilled by the powers of the colonial government centrality of governance feared the same (Jensen 10). The articles thus provided sovereign states in terms of decision-making and freedom. The articles were an important law of the land before promulgation of the new constitution, which made a through way for changes in the government operations. The executive wanted the elimination of the articles to create room for most operations for the central government. For years, there was deprivation in the ability of the